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Hip hop and samples go hand in hand, for better or worse. We have seen samples become the core element in some of the greatest records ever. We have also seen samples hinder the release of a record because the copyright owners refuse to offer clearance. That’s the paradox when deciding to use a sample. It?s a cost/benefit analysis every time. Is the upfront fee and publishing/royalty you?re giving up worth using the sample? Additionally, if you are a producer using a sample on an instrumental, just know that this will likely affect your payout and publishing split. Regardless, always be transparent to the artists and labels involved if you have used a sample as litigation in copyright suits involving a sample could lead to years of battle and millions in expenses.
Sampling is rooted in understanding the copyright associated with music. There are two distinct copyrights in each song. There is the sound recording (master)copyright which is the recorded version of a song. Then there is the composition copyright which is the underlying melody, beat and lyrics of a song. For further clarity, the composition copyright consists of the music and lyrics and the sound recording copyright is the performed and recorded version of the underlying music and lyrics.
The way this plays out in the real word is fairly simple. The best way to distinguish the two parts are separating what parties own what.
Who owns the sound recording?
Without an agreement, a songwriter, producer, artist and any other contributor to a sound recording would jointly own the copyright in the sound recording. The most relevant scenario for an artist operating at the major label level, is ownership of the sound recording (master) is granted to the major label.
Who owns the composition?
This is a bit trickier. Likely several people own and/or control the rights to a song?s composition. Imagine a scenario where there are two producers and three songwriters. Hypothetically speaking, each producer and songwriter could have a different entity administering their copyright in the song.
Why is it crucial to understand who owns or controls what?
It?s crucial to know who owns and/or controls what because these parties are who you will need to contact to clear a sample. Recapping what was explained above, there are two different parts in a music copyright: the sound recording and the composition (CRUCIAL!!!!!). How does this play into clearing a sample? Well, to rightfully clear a sample you need 100% authorization from the owners of the sound recording and the composition.
For certain songs, this is fairly simple. One person or band wrote a song, then created the music behind the song, and this same person or band is also the sole owner of the master and self administers the publishing. You will be looking for one person in this scenario to work out a composition license and a master recording license. Because one party is involved you will likely be able to negotiate a smaller ?all-in? price for the clearance fee.
The sad reality is most songs that you choose to sample aren?t of the solo type. Many hands were involved in crafting these records and the copyright breakdown reflects this. The good part is clearing the master (sound recording) usually involves one party. For example lets say you sampled, Toni Braxton ? He Wasn?t Man Enough For Me.
Great record!
The first line of business is looking for the label that released the song because quite frankly nobody in that era owned their masters. A quick Wikipedia search shows LaFace Records as the label who released the song. Now, a quick history lesson is needed if you don?t know the impact of LaFace records. LaFace records was an American record label founded by the iconic production duo of Antonio ?L.A.? Reid & Kenneth ?Babyface? Edmonds, two legends with catalogues that feature as many hits as any other production duo in time. The label formed by the two had a very, very successful run with artists such as Toni Braxton, Ciara, Outkast, etc. however the label is now defunct. Nonetheless, because LaFace was a famous imprint it probably had a parent company that is owned by one of the ? Big Three??. Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group or Universal Music Group. A quick google search shows that LaFace?s parent company is Sony Music. The next step would be to contact Sony?s clearance department and come to terms on a master recording license. Once terms are agreed to on that side, you are half way there.
The next step is figuring out who controls the publishing for ?He Wasn?t Man Enough For Me?. A quick google search shows the following:
Songwriter(s)
- Rodney Jerkins
- Fred Jerkins III
- LaShawn Daniels
- Harvey Mason, Jr.
Producer(s)
- Darkchild
The good thing about this scenario is these are all well known songwriters and producers. The bad thing about this scenario is that these are all well known songwriters and producers. It is likely that each composition holder has a publisher who is easily identifiable but more money might be needed for a clearance fee.
The easiest way to find out who to contact on behalf of the writers is checking the two largest Performing Rights Organizations in the United States, BMI and ASCAP. A quick search of ASCAP?s repertory yields the following results:
This search happens to be fruitful identifying ASCAP?s 28% share of the song. Also, the search reinforces all of the appropriate songwriters and producers listed on the track (Rodney Jerkins is professionally known as ?Darkchild? on the production side).
We do the same search over at BMI and their repertory yields the following results:
BMI appears to control the other 72%.
The next step would be to contact all of the publishers to agree to terms including a clearance fee and normally a piece of the publishing for the new work. Dealing with BMG, Sony/ATV and Universal in this scenario makes this clearance process a bit easier than normal. Sometimes a songwriter or producer, is not up to date with their publishing and might not even be registered for a PRO and isn?t around to contact. These situations can get very tricky if songs are not registered correctly or a songwriter/producer is self-published and is missing or unfortunately deceased.
Throughout the process of clearing a sample keep in mind the costs associated with the process. More than likely you will be hiring an attorney to spearhead the process but it is very important to understand the process yourself to either assist or possibly even take on the mission of clearing a sample on your own.
On the master side the clearance fee will likely range somewhere between $2,000 to $10,000. Additionally, the owner of the master will likely require some sort of split on the new master in the 3% to 10% royalty range. Remember, if you have less money to offer be flexible in regards to giving up a share of the royalty. These terms are freely negotiable.
On the publishing side the clearance fee should be negotiated ?all-in? meaning whatever fund you have for that side is distributed pro-rata to all the owners of the composition. The fee will again likely range somewhere between $2,000 to $10,000. Most composition rights holders will agree to this scenario but I have seen crazier things. When clearing the publishing side you will also more than likely have to give up a share of publishing to the composition?s rights holders. The publishing royalty in the new work should be no more than 50% all-in distributed pro-rata. Again, if you have less money for the clearance fee you might be inclined to offer more publishing as a compromise.
The art of sampling is a music past time especially in the hip hop genre but the key is to try to clear a song?s sample before it takes off. There are countless horror stories where artist?s have sampled a song but didn?t get the proper clearance and by the time the rightful copyright holders became aware of the sample, it was too late.
In 2012, Baauer dropped the EDM smash ?Harlem Shake? (the name was outta pocket to begin with). Huge record nonetheless, remember? The multi-platinum song peaked at Number #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, NZ, Australia and Brazil.
Problem is?.the song contained unlicensed samples from Plastic Little and reggaeton artist Hector Delgado. Baauer told Daily Beast that he found the recording of Delgado online ?the dude at the beginning I got off the Internet, I don?t even know where.? http://www.mtv.com/news/1703415/harlem-shake-copyright-claims/
In 2013 (a year later), Pitchfork asked him:
?Pitchfork: Have you made a lot of money from it? __
Baauer: I still don?t know. I haven?t seen any money from it?
via https://pitchfork.com/features/update/9187-baauer/
See Thread:
Before that one, Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz sampled Steely Dan?s ?Black Cow? for their huge hit Deja Vu (Uptown Baby) in 1997. In exchange for clearing the sample, Steely Dan requested an advance payment of $115,000 as well as 100% of publishing royalties! (HA)
Deja Vu (Uptown Baby) ended up at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100, went multi-platinum and was a radio smash (Publishing Royalties womp). Steely Dan members Walter Becker and Donald Fagen are the sole credited songwriters on ?Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)? ??not the actual lyricists. Horrible.
In both cases, the sample was probably worth it because it created touring and merchandise opportunities as well as the notoriety associated with the smash hit but man I?m not sure any sample is worth 100% of publishing.
More recently, the late and great Juice WRLD interpolated Sting?s ?Shape of My Heart?. While there was not a lawsuit, things were reportedly negotiated after the fact and Juice WRLD?s producer Nick Mira tweeted Sting, whose track ?Shape of My Heart? is interpolated on the record, took 85 of the publishing (and maybe royalty?) himself.
Sidebar?.do not use sample and interpolate interchangeably. A sample is literally taking a piece of the master recording and putting it in your new work. A interpolation is replaying a piece of music to sound exactly like the old song. A sample = clearance on the master and composition. A interpolation = (usually) requires clearance on the composition side only. See below:
When you sample something, you are required to get permission from both the owner of the Master Recording (normally a record label) for a Master Use License and also the owner of the underlying composition (normally a publisher) for a copyright license. This is because you are featuring both the recording and the underlying composition in the new musical work. However, if you are just doing an interpolation of a song, you only need to get permission from the owner of the underlying composition since you are not featuring the original recording in your new song, and just featuring the underlying composition.
via Songtrust
Conclusion
Remember samples are a new revenue stream for the original artists, songwriters and producers too so it is not as if they don?t benefit. It’s usually in everyone?s benefit to work things out.
Keys To Clearing A Sample
- Identify who owns/controls the Master Recording (Usually a performer or label)
- Identify who owns/controls the Publishing (Usually a publisher or the songwriter/producer)
- Try to clear the sample before you announce a major label deal
- Try to clear the sample before you release the song
- Negotiate ?all-in? clearance fees if possible
- Remember you still have leverage, samples are new revenue streams for old copyright owners
